1.4　Effect of Jung

　Sapir drew influence from Jung. Carl Jung (1875-1961) considered the individual unconscious such as oblivion or repression while he advocated the universal collective unconscious to transcend an individual. For example the unconscious idea was important for Sapir as seen in the argument of the pattern of unconscious behavior.
　His drift of language means that a society of language unconsciously selects a direction. This is the idea of collective unconscious and cultural activities are unconsciously patterned in a society. Sapir’s language typology has an influence not only on the metaphor of society and culture but also on cultural anthropology.
Jung’s psychology will restore whole personality by correlating an image in us with the conscious. At that time, the alchemy played a part. It is the chemical technology that began in Egypt and was prevalent in Europe to turn noble non-metals such as iron into metals such as gold and silver. It was also used as the technology to fill out an elixir of life.
　Furthermore Jung revaluated the significance of modern alchemy including the meaning of religion and mental psychology from a perspective of the unconscious and engaged in reading of “The secrets of the Golden Flower” in Chinese.
　It is also noted that episodic memory is evoked through an unconscious state. The stimulus that evokes the past is certainly similar to the unconscious and may be associated with the deep psyche. But, episodic memory could be evoked through an entirely unrelated stimulus. It is associated with the unconscious.
Jung’s psychology grabs human hearts through the process “order” – “disorder” – “higher order”. The ego has a steady order and therefore the conscious arises there and it is surrounded by the chaotic unconscious, and finally they are integrated and the higher order self arises.
　To lightly state, the conscious has the self-governing act of mind and it acknowledges the nature of a situation or a problem by itself. Meanwhile the unconscious is usually the area of the non-conscious mind. In fact the unconscious act isn’t limited only to the instinctive and reflexive process of cerebral cortex center, but it also goes beyond the conscious and could predict the future conscious process with the support of many symbols. Furthermore the unconscious is also seen in priming memory of the classification of memory.　
　Depending on the linguistic information related to the behavior of Ah Q who Lu Xun placed himself in, I will make a synergic metaphor called “Lu Xun and Chaos” in the next chapter. For example the unconscious behavior of Weizhuang villager is evidence for the language drift advocated by Sapir.
“Mahu” that flourished in China at the time became the ideas of collective unconscious and it was unconsciously patterned in the society. The behavior of Ah Q related to “ma-ma-hu-hu” could also call the revolution which was extremely different from Weizhuang villager.
　I will say something about chaos theory. In general, chaos theory consists of the non-linearity which makes prediction difficult because the behavior is disorderly and indeterminate, so that output is extremely varied with only differences in input. The latter is also known as the initial value sensitivity called butterfly effect. Chaotic phenomena are seen in conditions of the weather, the flow of water and stocks.

花村嘉英著（2015）「从认知语言学的角度浅析鲁迅作品－魯迅をシナジーで読む」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura